![]() The reliability analyses on verbal communication also illustrated the Kappa paradox-in our case, the high proportion of feature mentions led to a low value of Cohen's Kappa even when the percent agreement and Gwet's Agreement Coefficient 1 were high. Codes for nonverbal behaviors were less reliable and may require further development to improve reliability. Analyses of independent coding by two coders indicated that we reliably coded instances of attending to mathematical features and the ways in which dyads talked about these features. Through analysis of videotapes and transcripts of parent-child play sessions, we coded these verbal communications as questions, responses, mentions, or repetitions and coded corresponding nonverbal support as either explicit, implicit, or irrelevant to the mathematical features coded. We operationalized attention to mathematical features as instances during which parents or children made verbal references to quantitative (i.e., number, quantity, part-whole relations) or spatial (e.g., size, shape, spatial location, positional orientation) features. This coding manual was created to quantify and characterize the ways in which parents and their preschool children attend to mathematical features during play.
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